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language Essence 1.3
$ You are given an 8 pint bucket of water, and
$ two empty buckets which can contain 5 and 3 pints respectively.
$ You are required to divide the water into two by pouring water between buckets
$ (that is, to end up with 4 pints in the 8 pint bucket, and
$ 4 pints in the 5 pint bucket).
given buckets : int
letting Buckets be domain int(1..buckets)
given initialState : function int --> int
given finalState : function int --> int
given capacity : function int --> int
letting maxCapacity be max([capacity(i) | i : Buckets])
given HORIZON : int
find actions : sequence (maxSize HORIZON) of (Buckets, Buckets, int(1..maxCapacity))
find states : sequence (maxSize HORIZON) of function (total) Buckets --> int(0..maxCapacity)
$ action i transforms state i to state i+1
such that |actions| = |states| - 1
$ cannot pour from the a bucket to itself
such that forAll (i, (bFrom, bTo, amount)) in actions . bFrom != bTo
$ can only pour if there is enough water
such that forAll (i, (bFrom, bTo, amount)) in actions . amount <= states(i)(bFrom)
$ bucket capacity
such that forAll (i, f) in states . forAll b : Buckets . f(b) <= capacity(b)
$ preservation of water
such that forAll (i, (bFrom, bTo, amount)) in actions . states(i)(bFrom) - amount = states(i+1)(bFrom)
such that forAll (i, (bFrom, bTo, amount)) in actions . states(i)(bTo) + amount = states(i+1)(bTo)
such that forAll (i, (bFrom, bTo, amount)) in actions .
forAll b : Buckets . !(b in {bFrom, bTo}) -> states(i)(b) = states(i+1)(b)
$ after an action, either the source bucket is empty
$ or the target bucket is full
such that forAll (i, (bFrom, bTo, amount)) in actions . states(i+1)(bFrom) = 0 \/
states(i+1)(bTo) = capacity(bTo)
$ initial and final state
such that states(1) = initialState
such that states(|states|) = finalState
$ minimise the number of actions
find nbActions : int(0..HORIZON)
such that nbActions = |actions|
minimising nbActions